МІЖ МАДЛЕНОМ ТА ЕПІГРАВЕТОМ. ВНЕСОК У ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПАЛЕОЛІТУ НА ПОЛЬСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ ПОГРАНИЧЧІ
Grigor'eva, G. V., Klapchuk, M. N. (1981). Pozdnepaleoliticheskaja stojanka Mezhigircy I v Ivano-Frankovskoj oblasti. Kratkie Soobshhenija Instituta Arheologii Akademii nauk USSR, 165, 58–63 (in Russian).
Nuzhnyi, D. Yu. (2015). Verkhnii paleolit Zakhidnoi i Pivnichnoi Ukrainы (tekhniko-typolohichna variabelnist ta periodyzatsiia). Kyiv: Instytut Arkheolohii Natsionalna akademiia nauk Ukrainy. (in Ukrainian).
Bobak, D., Łanczont, M., Mroczek, P., Połtowicz-Bobak, M., Nowak, A., Kufel–Diakowska, B., Kusiak, J., & Standzikowski, K. (2017). Magdalenian settlement on the edge of the loess island: A case study from the northern foreland of the Carpathians (SE Poland). Quaternary International, 438, 158–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.04.034
Bobak, D., Łanczont, M., Nowak, A., Połtowicz-Bobak, M., & Tokarczyk, S. (2010). Wierzawice st. 31 – nowy ślad osadnictwa magdaleńskiego w Polsce południowo-wschodniej. Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 31, 63–78 (in Polish).
Bobak, D., & Połtowicz-Bobak, M. (2013). Bayesian age modelling of the Magdalenian settlement in the territory of present-day Poland. Rech. Archéologiques Nouv, 5, 51–67.
Czopek, S. (1999). Pradzieje Polski południowo-wschodniej. Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 217 (in Polish).
Kozłowski, J. K. (1963). Z zagadnień paleolitu Polski południowo-wschodniej. Rocznik województwa rzeszowskiego, 3, 5–18 (in Polish).
Kozłowski, S. K. (1977). Harpun ze stanowiska Przemyśl II. Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, 17, 139–143 (in Polish).
Kozłowski, S. K., Połtowicz-Bobak, M., Bobak, D., & Terberger, T. (2012). New information from Maszycka Cave and the Late Glacial recolonisation of Central Europe. Quaternary International, 272–273, 288–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.052
Osiński, K. (1932). Najstarsze ślady człowieka dyluwialnego w Przemyślu. Ziemia, 19, 278 (in Polish).
Połtowicz, M. (2004). Ślady łowców mamutów i wyspecjalizowanych myśliwych na terenie Przemyśla. In Koperski, A. (Ed.), Dzieje Przemyśla. Tom I Osadnictwo Pradziejowe i Wczesnośredniowieczne. Część II – Analiza Źródeł i Synteza (pp. 5–17). Przemyśl. (in Polish).
Połtowicz-Bobak, M. (2013). Wschodnia prowincja magdalenienu. Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. (in Polish).
Połtowicz-Bobak, M., Bobak, D., & Gębica, P. (2014). Nowy ślad osadnictwa magdaleńskiego w Polsce południowo-wschodniej. Stanowisko Łąka 11–16 w powiecie rzeszowskim. Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 35, 237–248 (in Polish).
Przeździecki, M., Migal, W., Krajcarz, M., Pyżewicz, K. (2011). Ćmielów, st. 95 (“Mały Gawroniec”), woj. świętokrzyskie. Badania w roku 2009. Światowit, 8(49) (2009–2010), 191–193 (in Polish).
Schild, R. (Ed.). (2014). Wilczyce. A Late Magdalenian Winter Hunting Camp in Southern Poland. Warszawa.
Valde–Nowak, P., Muzyczuk, A. (2000). Magdalenien Settlement at Hłomcza (Polish Carpathians). Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, 35 (1999–2000), 5–32 (in English, & in Polish).
Wilczyński, J. (2007a). Epigrawecka pracownia krzemienia na stanowisku Kraków ul. Spadzista B+B1. Przegląd Archeologiczny, 55, 5–52 (in Polish).
Wilczyński, J. (2007b.) The Gravettian and Epigravettian lithic assemblage from Kraków-Spadzista B+B1:dynamic approach to the technology. Folia Quat, 77, 37–96.
Wilczyński, J. (2006). The upper palaolithic workshop at the site Piekary IIa sector XXII layer 5. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, 58, 175–203 (in English, & in Polish).
Wiśniewski, T. (Ed.). (2015). Klementowice. A Magdalenian site in eastern Poland. Lublin: Institute of Archaeology Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin
Wiśniewski, T., Mroczek, P., Rodzik, J., Zagórski, P., Wilczyńsk,i J., & Fišáková, M.N. (2012). On the periphery of the Magdalenian World: An open-air site in Klementowice (Lublin Upland, Eastern Poland). Quaternary International, 272–273, 308–321.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.06.032
Wojtal, P., Wilczyński, J., Sobczyk, K. (2015). A new look at an old site: studies of the Kraków-Spadzistasie 1968–2013. In S. Sázelová, M. Novak, & A. Mizerová (Eds.). Forgotten Times and Spaces. New Perspectives in Paleoetnological and Archeological Studies (pp. 169–190). Brno: Institute of Archeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Masaryk University.
ISSN 2223-1218
The terrains of Poland, located north of the Carpathians and the Sudetes, have been almost completely abandoned during the period of the LGM sensustricte.
The reoccupation of Polish territories took place not until the end of LGM. These areas were then settled by the societies of the Magdalenian complex – a tradition that included upland areas of Western and Central Europe. On the basis of today's state of knowledge, it can be concluded that the eastern borders of Poland are at the same time the eastern boundary of the Magdalenien settlement.
Five Magdalenian sites from the areas of today's Podkarpackie Voivodship are known (fig. 1). In the 1940s, a single-row harpoon linked to Magdalenian was found in Przemyśl. Further discoveries of sites fall into the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Four of the mhave been discovered up to this day: in Hłomcza, Grodzisko Dolne, Wierzawice and Łąka.
This sites are only short-lived campsprovided small inventories. So far, no traces of large, longer settled base camp types have been found. If this situation is not only the result of the current state of research, then it may suggest that the areas of south-eastern Poland were part of a larger territory exploited by some Magdalenian community. On the basis of the analysis, it may be assumed that this territory may have covered the areas of eastern Poland.
Magdalenian settlement in eastern Poland continues throughout the presence of Late Magdalenian societies in Central Europe, from Dryas I to Alleröd. It means that the population, or traditions of this culture, reached the eastern periphery relatively quickly and for a long time. The question arises if the Magdalenian population, functioning in the eastern borderlands, occupied areas not covered by any previous settlement, and whether were there contacts between them and representatives of other traditions – Epigravettian, whose settlement extends east of today's Polish borders on the territory of Ukraine. Finally, the last question is whether the line of the San is the final eastern limit of Magdalenian.
This last question should be answered in the affirmatively, though not categorically. So far, we do not know of any Magdalenian sites from the areas east of Poland. The answer to the remaining questions is difficult. A certain light is being shed on them by the discovery of the site in Święte. The part of the site studied so far provided a small concentration of lithic artefacts – flakes and blades as well as several tools. These materials were described as Epigravettian. The TL dates obtained from the profile indicate that it is contemporary to the Magdalenian settlement. Perhaps, therefore the Magdalenian population who came to this area inhabited the areas that were occupied by the “Epigravettian” population? Perhaps we are also dealing with a zone penetrated by both these communities? So far, we know only one Epigravettian site from this area, which is contemporary to the Magdalenian settlement, but its significance in the discussion of Magdalenien-Epigravettian relations is very important.
To what extent this borderland was the area of contacts and what the consequences could have been is unexplained yet. Apart from the few possible imports of Volhynian flint in Magdalenian inventories (Wierzawice, Grodzisko Dolne?), there are no other elements that could be a material confirmation of such contacts. An in-depth analysis of possible contacts on the west-east axis is also hindered by the poor level of recognition of the Polish-Ukrainian borderland on the Ukrainian side.
Research conducted in the south-east of Poland shows that the Polish-Ukrainian borderland is an important area through which the border between two cultural traditions passes at the beginning of the Late Pleistocene. This is an extremely important area in discussion on the relationship between Magdalenian and Epigravettian. Today's knowledge and questions set the prospects for further work.
Epigravettian, Magdalenian, Upper Paleolithic,
South-Eastern Poland, Polish-Ukrainian borderland, cultural contacts, imports.
Grigor'eva, G. V., Klapchuk, M. N. (1981). Pozdnepaleoliticheskaja stojanka Mezhigircy I v Ivano-Frankovskoj oblasti. Kratkie Soobshhenija Instituta Arheologii Akademii nauk USSR, 165, 58–63 (in Russian).
Nuzhnyi, D. Yu. (2015). Verkhnii paleolit Zakhidnoi i Pivnichnoi Ukrainы (tekhniko-typolohichna variabelnist ta periodyzatsiia). Kyiv: Instytut Arkheolohii Natsionalna akademiia nauk Ukrainy. (in Ukrainian).
Bobak, D., Łanczont, M., Mroczek, P., Połtowicz-Bobak, M., Nowak, A., Kufel–Diakowska, B., Kusiak, J., & Standzikowski, K. (2017). Magdalenian settlement on the edge of the loess island: A case study from the northern foreland of the Carpathians (SE Poland). Quaternary International, 438, 158–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.04.034
Bobak, D., Łanczont, M., Nowak, A., Połtowicz-Bobak, M., & Tokarczyk, S. (2010). Wierzawice st. 31 – nowy ślad osadnictwa magdaleńskiego w Polsce południowo-wschodniej. Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 31, 63–78 (in Polish).
Bobak, D., & Połtowicz-Bobak, M. (2013). Bayesian age modelling of the Magdalenian settlement in the territory of present-day Poland. Rech. Archéologiques Nouv, 5, 51–67.
Czopek, S. (1999). Pradzieje Polski południowo-wschodniej. Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 217 (in Polish).
Kozłowski, J. K. (1963). Z zagadnień paleolitu Polski południowo-wschodniej. Rocznik województwa rzeszowskiego, 3, 5–18 (in Polish).
Kozłowski, S. K. (1977). Harpun ze stanowiska Przemyśl II. Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, 17, 139–143 (in Polish).
Kozłowski, S. K., Połtowicz-Bobak, M., Bobak, D., & Terberger, T. (2012). New information from Maszycka Cave and the Late Glacial recolonisation of Central Europe. Quaternary International, 272–273, 288–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.052
Osiński, K. (1932). Najstarsze ślady człowieka dyluwialnego w Przemyślu. Ziemia, 19, 278 (in Polish).
Połtowicz, M. (2004). Ślady łowców mamutów i wyspecjalizowanych myśliwych na terenie Przemyśla. In Koperski, A. (Ed.), Dzieje Przemyśla. Tom I Osadnictwo Pradziejowe i Wczesnośredniowieczne. Część II – Analiza Źródeł i Synteza (pp. 5–17). Przemyśl. (in Polish).
Połtowicz-Bobak, M. (2013). Wschodnia prowincja magdalenienu. Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. (in Polish).
Połtowicz-Bobak, M., Bobak, D., & Gębica, P. (2014). Nowy ślad osadnictwa magdaleńskiego w Polsce południowo-wschodniej. Stanowisko Łąka 11–16 w powiecie rzeszowskim. Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 35, 237–248 (in Polish).
Przeździecki, M., Migal, W., Krajcarz, M., Pyżewicz, K. (2011). Ćmielów, st. 95 (“Mały Gawroniec”), woj. świętokrzyskie. Badania w roku 2009. Światowit, 8(49) (2009–2010), 191–193 (in Polish).
Schild, R. (Ed.). (2014). Wilczyce. A Late Magdalenian Winter Hunting Camp in Southern Poland. Warszawa.
Valde–Nowak, P., Muzyczuk, A. (2000). Magdalenien Settlement at Hłomcza (Polish Carpathians). Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, 35 (1999–2000), 5–32 (in English, & in Polish).
Wilczyński, J. (2007a). Epigrawecka pracownia krzemienia na stanowisku Kraków ul. Spadzista B+B1. Przegląd Archeologiczny, 55, 5–52 (in Polish).
Wilczyński, J. (2007b.) The Gravettian and Epigravettian lithic assemblage from Kraków-Spadzista B+B1:dynamic approach to the technology. Folia Quat, 77, 37–96.
Wilczyński, J. (2006). The upper palaolithic workshop at the site Piekary IIa sector XXII layer 5. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, 58, 175–203 (in English, & in Polish).
Wiśniewski, T. (Ed.). (2015). Klementowice. A Magdalenian site in eastern Poland. Lublin: Institute of Archaeology Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin
Wiśniewski, T., Mroczek, P., Rodzik, J., Zagórski, P., Wilczyńsk,i J., & Fišáková, M.N. (2012). On the periphery of the Magdalenian World: An open-air site in Klementowice (Lublin Upland, Eastern Poland). Quaternary International, 272–273, 308–321.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.06.032
Wojtal, P., Wilczyński, J., Sobczyk, K. (2015). A new look at an old site: studies of the Kraków-Spadzistasie 1968–2013. In S. Sázelová, M. Novak, & A. Mizerová (Eds.). Forgotten Times and Spaces. New Perspectives in Paleoetnological and Archeological Studies (pp. 169–190). Brno: Institute of Archeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Masaryk University.
ISSN 2223-1218