ОУН та УПА в контексті визвольних рухів: спроба компаративного аналізу
Автор
Олександр ПАГІРЯ
DOI
https://doi.org/10.33402/nd.2019-7-150-177
Анотація
Зроблено спробу аналізу діяльності Організації українських націоналістів (ОУН) й Української повстанської армії (УПА) крізь призму теорії антиколоніалізму із застосуванням історико-порівняльного (компаративного) методу. Зазначено, що попри очевидні впливи фашизму та націонал-соціалізму на ідеологію і програму ОУН у 1930-х – на початку 1940-х років, український націоналістичний рух типологічно більш близький до категорії антиколоніальних і національно-визвольних, аніж фашистських. Вказано, що ідеологія та програмні засади ОУН не були сталими, динамічно розвивалися й еволюціонували від захоплення авторитарними й тоталітарними моделями до демократичного повороту в 1943 р., тоді як незмінними на всіх етапах існування залишались стратегічна мета й завдання – боротьба за незалежність, подолання наслідків чужоземного панування і колоніалізму, створення національної держави. Стверджено, що феномен ОУН та УПА був цілком закономірним на тлі подібних національно-визвольних і антиколоніальних рухів народів Європи, Азії та Африки.
Проведено компаративний аналіз ідеологічно-програмових засад і політичного інструментарію визвольних рухів на підставі спільної бази для їхнього порівняння – бездержавного статусу відповідних народів та їхнього прагнення реалізувати своє право на самовизначення і позбутися підневільного становища. Констатовано, що більшість із них були радикальними, застосовували насильство проти політичних опонентів і майже всі формувалися за принципом жорсткої внутрішньої дисципліни та єрархічності. Зазначено, що така типологізація водночас не знімає усіх контраверсійних питань у діяльності українських націоналістів, зокрема пов’язаних з участю членів ОУН та УПА у воєнних злочинах і злочинах проти людяності.
Ключові слова
ОУН, УПА, визвольний
рух, колоніалізм, компаративістика.
Повний текст
Завантажити оригінал
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Rudling P. A. (2011). The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths. The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, 1–71 [in English].
Rudling, P. A. (2006). Theory and Practice: Historical Representation of the War Time Activities of the OUN-UPA (the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists – the Ukrainian Insurgent Army). East European Jewish Affairs, 36(2), 163–189 [in English].
Rudling, P. A. (2010). Yushchenkiv fashyst: kult Bandery v Ukraini ta Kanadi. In Strasti za Banderoiu: statti ta ese (pp. 237–309). Kyiv: "Hranit-T" [in Ukrainian].
Rudling, P. A. (2014). OUN, UPA i Holokaust: Tworzenia mitów historycznych – badanie problem. In W. Tokarczuk (Ed.), OUN, UPA, i zagłada ludności żydowskiej na Wołyniu i w Galicji (pp. 214–286). Kraków: Wyd-wo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego [in Polish].
Rusnachenko, A. (2002). Narod zburenyi: natsionalno-vyzvolnyi rukh v Ukraini y natsionalni rukhy oporu v Bilorusii, Lytvi, Latvii, Estonii u 1940–1950-ykh rr. Kyiv: Pulsary [in Ukrainian].
Rusnachenko, A. (2005). Imperiia (i) i natsionalno-vyzvolni rukhy v Tsentralnii i Skhidnii Yevropi vid seredyny XX stolittia. Ukrainskyi vyzvolnyi rukh, 4, 35–42 [in Ukrainian].
Rybak, A. I. (2007). Ukrainska derzhava u planakh OUN (1939-y – 1950-ti roky). Ostroh [in Ukrainian].
Shaltsiius, M. (1929). Zdobutky lytovskoi respublyky za pershe desiatylittia nezalezhnosty. Rozbudova natsii, 5(17), 150–152 [in Ukrainian].
Shukalovych, A. (2015). Irlandska model derzhavotvorennia: kryterii uspikhu irlandtsiv ochyma ukraintsiv Skhidnoi Halychyny. Istorychna panorama: zb. nauk. statei, 20, 81–94 [in Ukrainian].
Sluka, J-A. (1996). National Liberation Movements in Global Perspective. Proceedings of the Conference on Tamils in New Zealand. Wellington. Retrieved from http://tamilnation.co/conferences/cnfNZ96/jeffsluka.html [in English].
Smith, A. D. (2010). Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity [in English].
Snaider, T. (2010). Fashystskyi heroi u demokratychnomu Kyievi. Krytyka (Kyiv), 3–4, 8 [in Ukrainian].
Snaider, T. (2012). Peretvorennia natsii. Polshcha, Ukraina, Lytva, Bilorus. 1569–1999. Kyiv: "Dukh i litera" [in Ukrainian].
Stryiek, T. (2013). Fashyzm chy intehralnyi natsionalizm? OUN v suchasnykh publichnykh dyskusiiakh i v istoriohrafichnii ta politolohichnii perspektyvi. Ukraina moderna, 20, 123–150 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1927), 3, 4–5 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1927), 4, 6–7 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1927), 5, 2–3 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1928), 1, 3–4 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1928), 2, 3–6 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1928), 3, 3–4 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1928), 4, 2–3 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1928, Veresen–Serpen), 2–3 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1929), 10, 3–4 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1929), 11, 3–5 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1929), 12, 7–9 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1929), 2–3, 2–3; 5–6; [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1929), 4, 3–4 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1929), 5–6, 2–4 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1929), 7, 4–5 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1929), 8, 3–5 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1929), 9, 4–6 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1930), 1–2, 4–5 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1930), 3, 3–4 [in Ukrainian].
Symmons-Symonolewicz, K. (1965). Nationalist Movements: An Attempt at a Comparative Typology. Comparative Studies in Society and History (Cambridge), 7(2), 221–230 [in English].
Tysa, R. (2014). Fanon Frants. In N. M. Khoma (Ed.), Istoriia politychnoi dumky: navch. entsykl. slovnyk-dovidnyk dlia studentiv vyshchykh navch. zakl. (pp. 652–653). Lviv: Novyi Svit-2000
Author
Oleksandr PAHIRIA
DOI
https://doi.org/10.33402/nd.2019-7-150-177
Annotation
The
article examines the activities of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
(OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) through the prism of
anti-colonialism theory with the application of the historical-comparative
method. Despite the obvious influences of fascism and national-socialism on the
OUN ideology and program in the 1930s – early 1940s, the Ukrainian nationalist
movement typologically is closer to the category of anti-colonial and national
liberation rather than fascist movement. The OUN ideology and program had not
been static and dynamically evolved from admiring authoritarian and
totalitarian models to the democratic turn in 1943. While on all stages of its
activities, the organization pursued one strategic goal and tasks – to fight
for Ukraine's independence, to overcome the legacy of foreign rule and
colonialism, and to establish a nation-state. The OUN and UPA phenomenon was
inherent against the backdrop of similar national liberation and anti-colonial
movements in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The article comprises a comparative
analysis of ideologies, programs, and the political toolbox of various
liberation movements that operates from the common comparative base – the
stateless status of the respective nations and their desire to exercise their
right to self-determination and to liberate from national subjugation. Most of
the liberation movements were radical and practiced violence against their
political opponents, and almost all developed a rigid internal discipline and
hierarchy. At the same time, such typology does not eliminate all controversial
issues surrounding Ukrainian nationalists' history, including the involvement
of OUN/UPA members in war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Keywords
the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), liberation movements, colonialism, comparative studies
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Reference
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Makedontsi. (1932). Surma, 10–11, 2–5 [in Ukrainian].
Martin, E. (2012). Algeria: Frances Undeclared War. Oxford: Oxford University Press [in English].
Motyl, O. (2009). Pidsumky imperii: zanepad, rozpad i vidrodzhennia. Kyiv: Krytyka [in Ukrainian].
Motyl, O. (2013). Yakyi zviazok mizh fashyzmom i natsionalizmom (iakshcho vin uzahali isnuie?). Ukraina moderna, 20, 26–29 [in Ukrainian].
Onatskyi, Ye. (1928). Lysty z Italii. Deshcho pro fashyzm. Rozbudova natsii. (Prague), 3, 95 [in Ukrainian].
Onyshko, L. (2007). "Nam sontse vsmikhalosia kriz rzhavii graty…". Kateryna Zarytska v ukrainskomu natsionalno-vyzvolnomu rusi. Lviv; Toronto: Litopys UPA [in Ukrainian].
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Rudling, P. A. (2014). OUN, UPA i Holokaust: Tworzenia mitów historycznych – badanie problem. In W. Tokarczuk (Ed.), OUN, UPA, i zagłada ludności żydowskiej na Wołyniu i w Galicji (pp. 214–286). Kraków: Wyd-wo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego [in Polish].
Rusnachenko, A. (2002). Narod zburenyi: natsionalno-vyzvolnyi rukh v Ukraini y natsionalni rukhy oporu v Bilorusii, Lytvi, Latvii, Estonii u 1940–1950-ykh rr. Kyiv: Pulsary [in Ukrainian].
Rusnachenko, A. (2005). Imperiia (i) i natsionalno-vyzvolni rukhy v Tsentralnii i Skhidnii Yevropi vid seredyny XX stolittia. Ukrainskyi vyzvolnyi rukh, 4, 35–42 [in Ukrainian].
Rybak, A. I. (2007). Ukrainska derzhava u planakh OUN (1939-y – 1950-ti roky). Ostroh [in Ukrainian].
Shaltsiius, M. (1929). Zdobutky lytovskoi respublyky za pershe desiatylittia nezalezhnosty. Rozbudova natsii, 5(17), 150–152 [in Ukrainian].
Shukalovych, A. (2015). Irlandska model derzhavotvorennia: kryterii uspikhu irlandtsiv ochyma ukraintsiv Skhidnoi Halychyny. Istorychna panorama: zb. nauk. statei, 20, 81–94 [in Ukrainian].
Sluka, J-A. (1996). National Liberation Movements in Global Perspective. Proceedings of the Conference on Tamils in New Zealand. Wellington. Retrieved from http://tamilnation.co/conferences/cnfNZ96/jeffsluka.html [in English].
Smith, A. D. (2010). Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity [in English].
Snaider, T. (2010). Fashystskyi heroi u demokratychnomu Kyievi. Krytyka (Kyiv), 3–4, 8 [in Ukrainian].
Snaider, T. (2012). Peretvorennia natsii. Polshcha, Ukraina, Lytva, Bilorus. 1569–1999. Kyiv: "Dukh i litera" [in Ukrainian].
Stryiek, T. (2013). Fashyzm chy intehralnyi natsionalizm? OUN v suchasnykh publichnykh dyskusiiakh i v istoriohrafichnii ta politolohichnii perspektyvi. Ukraina moderna, 20, 123–150 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1927), 3, 4–5 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1927), 4, 6–7 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1927), 5, 2–3 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1928), 1, 3–4 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1928), 2, 3–6 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1928), 3, 3–4 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1928), 4, 2–3 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1928, Veresen–Serpen), 2–3 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1929), 10, 3–4 [in Ukrainian].
Surma. (1929), 11, 3–5 [in Ukrainian].
Surma.
Bondarenko, K. (2002). Naiavni tendentsii v istoriohrafii UPA. Bili pliamy u vysvitlenni istorii UPA. Proceedings of the "Round Table" of the Ukrainian World Coordination Council Dedicated to the 60th Anniversary of the UPA. Kyiv: Alterpres [in Ukrainian].
Bruder, F. (2007). "Den Ukrainischen Staat erkämpfen oder sterben!" (Die Organisation Ukrainischer Nationalisten (OUN). 1929–1948. Berlin: Metropol [in German].
Deshcho pro provokatsiiu. (1928). Surma (Prague), 1, 5–6 [in Ukrainian].
Deshcho pro taktyku vyzvolnoi borotby. (1928). Surma, 5, 3–5 [in Ukrainian].
Esad, Bei. (1928). Azerbeidzhanska respublika. Rozbudova natsii, 5, 177–180 [in Ukrainian].
F.Sh. (1933). Vyzvolni zmahannia Irliandii. Rozbudova natsii, 5–6, 123–129 [in Ukrainian].
Fanon, F. (1963). The Wretched of the Earth; rrefiu J-P. Sartre (C. Farrington, Trans.). New York: Grove Press [in English].
Finliandiia. (1929). Surma, 1, 2–3 [in Ukrainian].
Futala, V. (2014). Vidobrazhennia istorii OUN 1929–1939 rr. v suchasnomu ukrainskomu naratyvi. Ukrainskyi vyzvolnyi rukh, 19, 126–127 [in Ukrainian].
Golczewski, F. (2010). Deutsche und Ukrainer. 1914–1939. Padeborn: Schöningh [in German].
Goodwin, J., & Hetland, G. (2008). Liberation Movements. In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Retrieved from http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/liberation-movements [in English].
Heroiska Hruziia. (1930). Surma, 5, 2–3 [in Ukrainian].
Himka, J-P. (1997). Ukrainian Collaboration in the Extermination of the Jews during the Second World War: Sorting Out the Long-Term and Conjunctural Factors. In J. Frankel (Ed.), The Fate of the European Jews, 1939–1945: Continuity or Contingency (pp. 89–170). New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press [in English].
Himka, J-P. (2009, November 12–15). The Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Holocaust. Paper prepared for the forty first national convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/1071581/The_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army_UPA_and_the_Holocaust [in English].
Himka, J-P. (2010). O znachenii situatsyonnoho elementa v vostochno-tsentralnoevropeiskom fashyzme. Ab imperio (Kazan), 4, 108–109 [in Russian].
Himka, J-P. (2010). The Importance of the Situational Element in East Central European Fascism. East Central Europe, 37(2–3), 353–358 [in English].
Himka, J-P. (2011). The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd. Canadian Slavonic Papers (Edmonton), LIII(2-3-4), 209–243 [in English].
Himka, J-P. (2011, October 22-23). The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the Ukrainian Police, and the Holocaust. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/1071550/The_Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists_the_Ukrainian_Police_and_the_Holocaust [in English].
Homza, I. (2013). Katalitychna mobilizatsiia radykalnykh ukrainskykh natsionalistiv u dobu II Polskoi respubliky: vplyv struktury politychnykh mozhlyvostei. Ukraina moderna, 20, 151–170 [in Ukrainian].
Homza, I. (2016). Kataliticheskaia mobilizatsyia radikalnykh ukrainskikh natsyonalistov vo Vtoroi Rechi Pospolitoi: rol struktury politicheskikh vozmozhnostei. Forum noveishei vostochnoevropeiskoi istorii i kultury. Russkoe izdanye, 2, 150–180 [in Russian].
Kahanov, Yu. O. (2009). Opozytsiinyi rukh v Ukraini i krainakh Tsentralno-Skhidnoi Yevropy (1980-ti – 1991 rr.): komparatyvnyi analiz [Opposition Movement in Ukraine and Central and Eastern Europe (1980s–1991): A Comparative Analysis]. (Candidate's thesis). Zaporizhia [in Ukrainian].
Kahanov, Yu. O. (2009). Opozytsiinyi rukh v Ukraini i krainakh Tsentralno-Skhidnoi Yevropy (1980-ti – 1991 rr.): komparatyvnyi analiz [Opposition Movement in Ukraine and Central and Eastern Europe (1980s–1991): A Comparative Analysis]. (Extended abstract of Candidate's thesis). Zaporizhia [in Ukrainian].
Kahanov, Yu. O. (2010). Istorychna komparatyvistyka kriz pryzmu filosofsko-metodolohichnoho pohliadu. Naukovi pratsi istorychnoho fakultetu Zaporizkoho natsionalnoho universytetu, XXIX, 250–258 [in Ukrainian].
Kalninsh, K. (1928). Latviia. Rozbudova natsii (Berlin), 6, 223–229 [in Ukrainian].
Kasianov, H. (2003). Do pytannia pro ideolohiiu OUN: Analitychnyi ohliad. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
Kosyk, V. (Ed.). (1997). Ukraina v Druhii svitovii viini. Zbirnyk nimetskykh arkhivnykh dokumentiv (Vol. 1). Lviv [in Ukrainian].
Kozhevnykiv, P. (1928). Koreitsi. Rozbudova natsii, 1, 15 [in Ukrainian].
Liegiony. (1928, Lystopad). Surma, 2–3 [in Ukrainian].
Lypovetskyi, S. "Bortsi za nezalezhnist" proty "bortsiv za nezalezhnist". Retrieved from http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2013/02/27/114519/ [in Ukrainian].
Lysiak-Rudnytskyi, I. (1994). Natsionalizm. Istorychni ese (Vol. 2). Kyiv: Osnova [in Ukrainian].
Maiorov, M. Aziiske viddzerkalennia ukrainskoho vyzvolnoho rukhu pid chas Druhoi svitovoi viiny. Retrieved from http://likbez.org.ua/ua/ukrayinska-azijske-viddzerkalennya-ukrayinskogo-vizvolnogo-ruhu-pid-chas-drugoyi-svitovoyi-vijni.html [in Ukrainian].
Makedontsi. (1932). Surma, 10–11, 2–5 [in Ukrainian].
Martin, E. (2012). Algeria: Frances Undeclared War. Oxford: Oxford University Press [in English].
Motyl, O. (2009). Pidsumky imperii: zanepad, rozpad i vidrodzhennia. Kyiv: Krytyka [in Ukrainian].
Motyl, O. (2013). Yakyi zviazok mizh fashyzmom i natsionalizmom (iakshcho vin uzahali isnuie?). Ukraina moderna, 20, 26–29 [in Ukrainian].
Onatskyi, Ye. (1928). Lysty z Italii. Deshcho pro fashyzm. Rozbudova natsii. (Prague), 3, 95 [in Ukrainian].
Onyshko, L. (2007). "Nam sontse vsmikhalosia kriz rzhavii graty…". Kateryna Zarytska v ukrainskomu natsionalno-vyzvolnomu rusi. Lviv; Toronto: Litopys UPA [in Ukrainian].
Panchenko, V. (2011). Ekonomichna stratehiia OUN 1920–1950-ti: rozrobka ta realizatsii. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
Patryliak, I. (2004). Viiskova diialnist OUN(B) u 1940–1942 rr. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
Patryliak, I. (2012). "Vstan i borys! Slukhai i vir…". Ukrainske natsionalistychne pidpillia ta povstanskyi rukh 1939–1960 rr. Lviv [in Ukrainian].
Revoliutsiinyi rukh Irlandii. (1927). Surma, 2, 4 [in Ukrainian].
Rolia indyvidualnoho teroru v pidpolnii borotbi. (1927). Surma, 3, 3–4 [in Ukrainian].
Rossoliński-Libe, G. (2014). Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist: Fascism, Genocide, and Cult. Stuttgart [in English].
Rossoliński-Liebe, G. (2010). Celebrating fascism and war criminality in Edmonton. The Political Myth and Cult of Stepan Bandera in Multicultural Canada. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/401300/Celebrating_Fascism_and_War_Criminality_in_Edmonton._The_Political_Myth_and_Cult_of_Stepan_Bandera_in_Multicultural_Canada [in English].
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